The Second World War displaced millions across Europe, and many faced persecution due to their religion, sexuality, political identity, or that of their family members, among other reasons. Many among the European refugees of the time were prominent scientists. The following is a list of refugees who contributed to the Manhattan Project, as well as other scientists and their family members who were forced to flee.
Document Type:
Refugees who were involved with the Manhattan Project:
Other refugee scientists:
Max Born
Robert Fano
Ugo Fano
Sigmund Freud
Bernard Katz
Walter Kohn
Hans Adolf Krebs
Hilde Levi
Lise Meitner (refused a position at Los Alamos)
Arthur von Hippel
More Historical Resources:
For more information on the scientific exodus which resulted from World War II, please click here.
